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and hookworm in the same individuals has frequently occurred. As malaria and STHs overlap in geographical distribution, co-infection of Plasmodium spp. In the SSA, the main cause of death of children younger than five is malaria induced by Plasmodium falciparum 7. However, malaria remains the most devastating health problem in the SSA, causing an estimated 40,000 deaths each year 6. STHs are common in areas where the capability to provide basic healthcare is limited, such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) 2, 3, 4, 5. The most common soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) that cause human intestinal helminthiasis are Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms ( Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) 1. Additionally, detection of hookworm infections among patients with malaria in endemic areas of both diseases is recommended to prevent severe malaria. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanism of hookworm infection on malaria severity.
Co-infection was common and occurred by chance but varied by geographic region. The mean haemoglobin level for co-infection (90 cases) was similar to Plasmodium mono-infection (415 cases) ( p 0.15, MD − 0.63, 95% CI − 1.49–0.23, I 2 98%, 4 studies). The mean malaria parasite density for co-infection (478 cases) was similar to Plasmodium mono-infection (920 cases) ( p 0.24, MD 0.86, 95% CI − 0.58–2.29, I 2 100%, 7 studies). The pooled prevalence was 20% (95% CI 15–26%, I 2 99.6%, 37 studies) and was varied in terms of geographical region. Of 1756 articles examined, 22,191 malaria cases across 37 studies included 6096 cases of co-infection of Plasmodium spp. Publication bias was determined by visualising funnel plot asymmetry. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane Q and I 2 statistics. Mean difference (MD) and confidence interval (CI) of malaria parasite density and haemoglobin were compared using a random effect model. Relevant literatures were obtained from PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus on 25 December 2020. The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis is registered at PROPERO under ID: CRD42020202156. This study investigated prevalence, prevalence odds ratio (POR) of co-infection and impact of co-infection on malaria parasite density and haemoglobin levels in comparison to Plasmodium mono-infection. and hookworm on malaria remain under debate.
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Binary distributions for Linux, MacOS and Windows operating systems are available.The dual effects of co-infection of Plasmodium spp.
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publCIF was commissioned by the IUCr, both as free software for authors and as a tool for in-house journal production the tool for authors is described here. databases of author details, experimental data, standard references etc., either distributed with the program or collected during its use), along with tools for reference parsing, spell checking, structure visualization and image management. Beyond file and data validation, publCIF provides access to resources to facilitate preparation of a structure report ( e.g. spreadsheet representations of looped data). The graphical interface allows users to edit the CIF either in its `raw' ASCII form (using a text editor with context-sensitive data validation and input facilities) or as a formatted representation of a structure report (using a word-processing environment), as well as via a number of convenience tools ( e.g.
#920 text editor download full#
It validates syntax and dictionary-defined data attributes through internal routines, and also provides a web interface to the checkCIF service of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), which provides a full crystallographic analysis of the structural data. PublCIF is an application designed for creating, editing and validating crystallographic information files (CIFs) that are used in journal publication.
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